At the Special Forum, leaders and advocates from Southeast Asia (SEA) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions gathered to strengthen regional collaboration for peace and security. This event provided a vital platform for exchanging experiences, exploring shared priorities, and establishing meaningful partnerships that transcend borders. The Special Forum aimed to build a network of support, commitment, and action to advance the WPS agenda and create a safer, more inclusive world for all.

Speakers Included:

• Amina Rasul-Bernardo, President of PCID
• Nurul Izzah Anwar, representative of the Government of the Day of Malaysia
• Dr. Gloria Jumamil-Mercado, a member of ASEAN Women for Peace Registry (AWPR)
• H.E. Artauli RMP Tobing, Indonesian Representative of ASEAN – IPR Advisory Board
• H.E. Koung Sorita, Secretary of State, Cambodia Ministry of Women’s Affairs
• Mitra Modaress, Representative of The International Dialogue Centre – KAICIID
• Dwi Rubiyanti Kholifah, Country Director for the Asian Muslim Action Network (AMAN)
• Sanam Naraghi Anderlini MBE, Founder and CEO, International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN)
• Norul Mohamed Rashid, Policy Advisor from UN Women Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Special Thanks to Partners

For the Special Forum, PCID thanks our partners, namely:

• Brigham Young University (BYU) International Center for Law and Religion Studies
• International Dialogue Centre – KAICIID
• Sasakawa Peace Foundation
• The Asia Foundation
• Women’s and Gender Studies Association of the Philippines (WSAP)
• University of the Philippines Law Center
• University of the Philippines Women Lawyers’ Circle
• University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance
• Mindanao State University
• United States Institute of Peace
• Embassy of Switzerland
• The Australian Government
• The United Nations Development Programme
• The United Kingdom Government

Core Organizing Partners

For the overall ICWPS, PCID collaborated with:

• Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)
• Department of Budget and Management (DBM)
• Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation, and Unity (OPAPRU)
• Philippine Commission on Women (PCW)
• Presidential Communications Office (PCO)
• UN Women
• ASEAN Institute for Peace and Reconciliation (ASEAN-IPR)

Together, we are building stronger regional networks for a more peaceful and inclusive future.

#ICWPS2024 #WomenPeaceSecurity #BridgingRegionsForWomenPeaceSecurity

Ms. Amina Rasul Bernardo, president of the Philippine Center for Islam and Democracy, Resource Person on Session: Protest Cultures: An Analysis of Myanmar, Thailand and The Philippines.

The event: “The Fourth Reich: Advancing Authoritarianism Besetting Women Peacebuilders”. Organized by the Southeast Asian Women Peacebuilders Network (SEAWP).

Ms. Amina Rasul Bernardo, president of the Philippine Center for Islam and Democracy, Resource Person on Session: Protest Cultures: An Analysis of Myanmar, Thailand and The Philippines.

The event: “The Fourth Reich: Advancing Authoritarianism Besetting Women Peacebuilders”. Organized by the Southeast Asian Women Peacebuilders Network (SEAWP).

Aiming of mobilizing and coordination in advancing peace & development;

Reaffirming our stand against any form of violent extremism in our communities;

Realizing the threat posed by violent extremism-exacerbated by groups such as the Abu Sayyaf, and BIFF to control our communities- to our security, democracy, and prosperity;

Condemning the attacks on our democracy, security and peace, as demonstrated by the Marawi, Zamboanga and Isulan sieges;

Understanding the need to prevent such violent extremism and defend our country from radicalization;

Desiring to find lasting and sustainable solutions to address faith-based violent extremism in the country;

Asserting our critical role in shaping the culture of peace, tolerance, democracy, rule of law, and human rights to our fellow countrymen as an effective means of preventing violence;

Recognizing women as sheer embodiment of new beginnings and symbols of hope and optimism amidst their own unique and distinct spheres, domestic or community, private or public;

Believing in the power of partnerships and active connections by building together a network of strong collaborative partners;

Reaffirming the National Action Plan on Women Peace and Security’s “prioritization of conflict prevention, framing women peace and security from a human rights perspective, participation and leadership of women in all levels of the peace project, transitional justice, inclusive and participatory localization efforts, combating extremism by supporting women peacebuilders, multi-level and multi-stakeholder approach to implementation, and financing initiatives aimed at materializing women, peace and security;”

Do hereby agree to:

Implement and support the following programs that will prevent violent extremism:

• Continuous support and engagement on PVE programs and be an active advocate to fight VE.

• Awareness among vulnerable individuals especially the youth about VE.

• Always be vigilant and aware on community situation and happenings.

• Conduct seminars, symposiums, FGDs and lectures on PVE.

• Integrate PVE activities on barangay programs and DILG plans.

• Conduct inter-faith forums on PVE.

• Integrate PVE and peace education in Madrasah and classroom setting.

• Use social media and radio broadcast to creatively share campaign on PVE.

• Provide livelihood programs on community building to eradicate VE.

• Coordinate with religious leaders, political leaders and other authorities in the campaign on PVE.

Signed and agreed upon this 28th day of October 2018 during the AMAL: Hope through Action, Muslim Women of Faith National Conference.

We are united and prepared to winning the hearts and minds of our fellow Mindanaoans for the ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law in a plebiscite on the 21st of January 2019. We believe that the full implementation of the signed agreements will facilitate the creation of better government systems, address issues on inequity and insufficient social services. More importantly, it could root out violent extremism by addressing the causes of conflict in our communities.

Thus, we strongly denounce acts of violent extremism perpetuated by extremist groups out to derail the plebiscite. The terror attacks perpetuated by these lawless elements in the guise of attaining societal changes is not only un-Islamic but also poses a threat to human life and dignity.

As citizens of this republic, it our duty and responsibility to make sure that the government delivers its promise to the Bangsamoro. Hence, we need to educate our fellow Bangsamoro particularly the women about the BOL and encourage them to actively participate in campaigning for the law and disseminating information in their respective communities.

By taking responsibility and empowering our fellow Moro brothers and sisters, we are making a conscious effort to make our aspirations to attain peace and stability in our region come into fruition.

To ensure the success of the campaign for the BOL we hereby agree to:

A. Implement the following strategies in information dissemination and campaign about the Bangsamoro Organic Law:

• Conduct and be involved in symposiums, seminars, and lectures about BOL.

• Create flyers and other reading materials as a tool for information reference.

• Conduct house-to-house visit campaigns.

• Initiate barangay seminar caravans and invite local government units to take part in the fast and

creative means of sharing information.

• Use radio broadcasts and streams for information campaign.

• Conduct dialogues and forums as venue to engage idea sharing about BOL.

• Be an active advocate and channel of information about BOL.

B. Implement and support the following programs that will empower women during the transition:

• Conduct and participate in workshops and focused group discussions and trainings that provide

opportunity for women to strengthen the knowledge on their participation and roles in the transition.

• Conduct leadership trainings and seminars among youth and professional that will be a venue to

enhance their skills and knowledge.

• Provide and support livelihood programs among women, especially mothers, in the community.

• Involvement in campaigns and seminars regarding women’s rights and roles in the family, community,

and society.

• Formation of women political party list in preparation for the elections.

• Conduct community mapping to establish statistics and facts relevant to women.

February 12, 2018, 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM

LB Soriano Hall, SEAMEO INNOTECH

Quezon City

BACKGROUND

The growing influence of ISIS in Southeast Asia has created a serious concern among its governments that it could establish a foothold by linking with local extremist organizations, in areas already affected by ethnic conflict with the state. Due to this rising threat, there has been calls among various stakeholders to strengthen existing networks against radicalization and to search for sustainable, multi-level and inclusive approaches to address this transnational problem.  For the Philippines, in particular, the recent Marawi siege points to the urgency of capacitating key stakeholders and engaging the local community in initiatives to address the rising influence of violent extremism.

The forum is a follow-through of the recently held Conference on Peace and the Prevention of Violent Extremism (CPPVE) last September 22-23, 2017 which gathered more than 400 delegates regionally. Recognizing the need for a more holistic, developmental approach to prevent violent extremism, the participants affirmed their commitments thereto in a statement, which included asserting the role of “women, youth, religious, business, academia, politics and government in inculcating the culture of peace, tolerance, moderation, democracy, rule of law and human rights to our people as effective means of preventing radicalization”. In line with promoting this more inclusive approach to PVE, PCID in collaboration with other civil society organizations, the academe, and government agencies, seek to organize several forums and focused group discussions engaging the critical sectors of the society with the objective of eliciting thoughts, perspectives, and recommendations in a conducive platform where such sectors can interact and collaborate with the government and the private sector, and among themselves.

Relevant to this forum for women, the statement of the participants highlighted the engagement of women, who more often than not are victims of this phenomena, in PVE. As part of PCID’s follow through activities, this is the second consultative forum engaging the women sector, organized in collaboration with the Women and Gender Institute (WAGI) and the Center for Legislative Development (CLD). The first one was held in Marawi City with the objective of allowing more Muslim women from the affected areas to be part of the consultation. In this second forum, PCID sought to engage not only women leaders who are based in the National Capital Region, but also those coming from the island provinces of Sulu, Basilan and Tawi-Tawi, who were unable to join the first forum.

As with the consultative forum for women held in Marawi City last January 30, the objectives of the forum were, as follows:

1. Primarily, it is to formulate recommendations in relation to the role of Women for the national action plan in preventing violent extremism;
2. To engage the Women sector in dialogue to better understand their thoughts and perspectives on the current situation in Marawi and the actions being taken by the National Government as regards conflict resolution, recovery and rehabilitation; and
3. To create a space for the women to share their concerns and perspectives as regards violent extremism in order to promote better understanding of the current trend in violent extremism, and to develop interventions or strategies for women on how they can react to it, as well as, evaluate existing strategies in relation to them.

SYNTHESIS

Women participants from Noorus Salam, an organization of Muslim women scholars, and the government, particularly from the security sector, and representatives from civil society organizations, attended the second leg of consultations with women on the topic of peacebuilding and the prevention of violent extremism (PVE). The forum was held at the LB Soriano Hall, SEOMEO Innotech, Quezon City. The Philippines, along with most ASEAN countries, has not yet developed its own National Action Plan on PVE. Thus, the forum, which was a whole day event had the objective of coming up with recommendations to the action plan on PVE relevant to the women sector, particularly, those situated in conflict areas.

Atty. Salma Pir Rasul, PCID Programs Director, welcomed the participants to the forum, which is one of the activities in the series of public consultations, forums, and workshops PCID has been conducting in close partnership with WAGI and CLD with the overarching theme of promotion and enhancement of the capacity of Muslim women.

To give further information regarding this series of activities, Prof. Aurora Javate de Dios was tasked to give a brief introduction on behalf of WAGI as one of the organizers of the event. WAGI, an academe-based advocacy center on gender concerns and issues based in Miriam College, has long been a partner of PCID in the area of capacity building in women, political participation, and empowerment of women in Mindanao. To further elucidate the participants on the purpose of the forum, she highlighted the implications of VE as a holistic problem and a national issue, and the strategic role of women in PVE and CVE.

The WAGI-PCID partnership was later joined by CLD, which brings us to Dr. Socorro L. Reyes, who likewise spoke briefly about CLD, to which she is the Regional Gender and Governance Adviser. CLD, the first non-government legislative support organization that provided capacity building services to the legislature, has been around since 1980. She emphasized a few points including among others, looking at VE not only by non-state actors but by state actors, use of sexual violence as an instrument of war, the use of the participatory framework in determining the role of women in PVE, and the determining the scope of the agenda that should be pursued as a preliminary step to this.

Prior to the workshop which will be held in the afternoon, guest speakers NCMF Regional Director Camad Edres of NCMF-NCR and UN Inter-Agency Standing Committee Senior Gender Humanitarian Advisor, Ms. Indai Sajor, were assigned to give updates regarding Marawi and to talk about the experience of MENA and Africa in dealing with violent extremism, respectively. Dir. Edres’ discussion touched upon the return and rehabilitation of evacuees, which included the recovery of losses, distribution of assistance to victims, and the rebuilding of infrastructures destroyed during the siege. He also talked about the role of mothers in curtailing the spread of radicalization at the community level. Ms. Sajor, who is an internationally recognized activist and educator in the field of women’s human rights, conflict prevention and humanitarian response, talked about VE in the context of humanitarian response in relation to her work in the Middle East to the emergencies brought about by war and armed conflict.

In the afternoon session, inputs, thoughts, and recommendations from Muslim women leaders were gathered in focus group discussions on how they can contribute to existing and future PVE efforts. They were divided into three groups which separately held FGDs to answer guide questions on VE and PVE in Mindanao. Their recommendations centered on the role of women as mothers and nurturers in their families. All three groups saw the crucial role of religious leaders in counter messaging and communicating with a greater impact to a bigger audience, and the role of the Madrasah among the youth who are targets of radicalization. After the presentation of results by the groups, a few more recommendations were proposed to operationalized some of the measures suggested such as parthership with the National Ulama Conference of the Philippines in relation to the incorporation of the topic of VE in khutbah and advocating for opportunities for women to pursue higher education in Islamic studies in order to provide a wider perspective in the interpretation of the Islamic text, a significant role presently monopolized by Male Muslim Religious scholars.

RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

Morning Session

Prof. Aurora Javate de Dios is the Programs Director, formerly Executive Director, of WAGI. Since this forum is one of the activities in the series of public consultations, forums, and workshops PCID has been conducting in close partnership with WAGI and CLD for women, she was tasked to give a brief introduction to said long-term project by PCID, WAGI, and CLD which was sponsored by the USAID and the US State Department. The project, which is now on its tail end, consist of a series of trainings on providing capacities to local women leaders in conflict areas in the Philippines including among others, Marawi, Zamboanga, Maguindanao, and the ARMM. The series of activities were organized initially with the objective of preparing Muslim women in self-governance in preparation for the BBL, but this was later on modified to include trainings and forums to prepare women leaders in dealing with violent extremism.

Look at VE as a HOLISTIC problem and a NATIONAL issue.

Prof. De Dios stressed how violent extremism should not be viewed in a vacuum as the root causes of the unrest and instability lies deep in socioeconomic problems, the negligence of the government, or the deprivation of rights, but rather the issues of VE should be viewed with a holistic perspective. Further, it should also be viewed as a national issue and not an issue isolated to a few regions in Mindanao.

In view of the Marawi siege, the issue of addressing VE emerged as one of the urgent concerns of the government. Given the limited reach and capacity of non-government organizations, it became more critical to strengthen partnerships between such organizations and the government in order to act timely and effectively against VE, and while there is cause for such action, the peace process should not be sidelined any more than it has. Prof. De Dios emphasized that VE should be simultaneously addressed alongside the push for the conclusion of the long-drawn peace process which has gripped the southern part of the country for decades.

Moreover, she underscored that considering the nature of VE and its root causes, the campaign should be long term and not just a short-term reaction to the Marawi crisis. For one, there should be a push for a more tolerant society. Until issues of discrimination and exclusion against certain sectors of the society are not seriously addressed, communities will be vulnerable to the entry of radicalization and violent extremism.

Women have a strategic role against Violent Extremism and Fundamentalism.

In relation to this, women due to their particular positioning in society have a strategic role in VE considering their capabilities and influence, which most women do not realize. This is however proven by many women leaders in other parts of the world who have been successful in the field. Prof. De Dios stated that women have a strategic role for two reasons: they have a strong influence on their children, families, and local communities, and they are usually the first ones to detect changes in the society.

Dr. Socorro Reyes is currently the Regional Gender and Governance Adviser of the Center for Legislative Development (CLD). CLD has been around since 1980 and the first non-government legislative support organization that provided capacity building services to the legislature that is elected soon after the ouster of the dictatorship. In her opening message, she pointed out how VE should be viewed as only being committed by non-state actors as extreme violence may also be committed by the state, particularly in responding to situations like this. She stressed that the State has a monopoly of coercive force, and as such, there should be a balance in looking and analyzing at how violence is used both by the non-state and state actors, including the use of sexual violence.

There should be a gender perspective in the framework for the development of a PVE action plan and in Damage and Loss Assessment.

Dr. Reyes also pointed how the framework in most national action plans or any action plans for that matter in relation to VE and in pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1325[1] is focused on the protection of women rather than the participation framework, which basically redefines power relationships. She stated that this is unfortunate because the perspective becomes restrictive, substantive inputs which would widen the scope of the agenda and not be limited only to decommissioning of arms, are not taken into account, and women’s concerns are sidelined to give way to military components of the action plan.

Further, Dr. Reyes emphasized the importance of damage and loss assessment as one of the critical components in rehabilitation after the occurrence of long-drawn crises such as what happened in Marawi, and on whether or not there is a gender perspective to it, that is the damage and losses that women suffered are taken into meaningful consideration, and consequently, incorporated in reconstruction, rehabilitation, and compensation packages.

Marawi was ripe for the influence of external forces such as ISIS.

Lastly, she discussed how an event such as the Marawi siege is usually seen as a product solely of external forces which, in that particular case, would be due to the entry of ISIS forces in the country. She explained that this view should be changed to consider both external and internal factors combined. Using the “stone and egg analogy”, she concluded that the success of extremist groups in recruitment of forces could have been thwarted if not for the presence of internal circumstances which already present in Mindanao, such as the deepening frustration against the government due to the protracted peace process, historical injustices unaddressed for years, and high poverty index.

Dir. Camad Edres is the current Regional Director of the NCMF-NCR. He has been an active partner of PCID in the latter’s PVE initiatives. As in previous similar forum for women in peacebuilding and PVE held last January 30, 2018 in Marawi, he was tasked to give an update on the Marawi situation. His main points of discussion were concerns on the rehabilitation and return of evacuees, the recovery of losses, and certain issues with the distribution of assistance to victims, such as reports of favoritism or of goods not actually getting to the real beneficiaries.

The extent of physical destruction in Marawi could have been avoided if the government did not use too much brute force.

As to the physical rehabilitation of the city, he said that it would take years before Marawi can be fully rehabilitated due to the massive destruction, and that such breadth of destruction could have in fact been avoided if the government did not use too much brute force. There are also personal issues in the rehabilitation concerning the Maranaos, among these issues, is the rebuilding of the Mosques. He said that 90% of the mosques in the main affected area are damaged.

As to women in PVE, he underscored the crucial role of women as mothers in their families and in their communities.

Ms. Indai Sajor was the guest speaker for the morning session. She is an internationally recognized activist and educator in the field of women’s human rights, conflict prevention and humanitarian response. She was recently in Iraq till (December) working with UNFPA and UN OCHA conducting a survivors’ assessment of sexual and gender-based violence, a product of violent extremism. She has over 30 years of experience working in countries in situations of war and armed conflicts and in humanitarian emergency situations, in Afghanistan, Darfur/Sudan, Somalia, Iraq, Eritrea, Ethiopia to name a few in the MENA region as well as in Asia and the Pacific.

She is currently a UN Inter-Agency Standing Committee Senior Gender Humanitarian Advisor preparing for deployment to Pakistan by the end of the month. In this role she is the Gender Advisor of the UN Country Representative as well as with the UN Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in their policy response to humanitarian crisis.

For this forum, she was tasked to speak about the MENA-Africa experience in PVE.[2] She began by pointing out that VE has been in existence for centuries and can be exhibited along a range of issues, including politics, religion and gender relations. For her presentation, she noted that she will be talking in the context of humanitarian response in relation to her current work. She stressed that the greatest cause of current and future crises are internal conflicts, giving rise to some of the largest humanitarian crises since World War II. Moreover, she noted that, beyond statistics, human suffering, loss of lives and devastation connected to these crises are unquantifiable. The intensification of international and internal armed conflicts is considered a high risk in the coming ten years; extremism, terrorism and transnational crime continues to threaten global stability.

We should learn how to localize our response to extremism

Thereafter, she explained localization which she believed should be strengthened, and the role of national and local responders. Localization is the means of preparing those who are situated in affected areas due to the crisis or those merely threatened by the conflict to be more resilient. Some of the measures to localize responses to extremism she discussed were increasing direct funding to NGOs for humanitarian action, strengthening partnerships, promoting transparency on transfer of resources to NGOs, and empowering local communities by not undermining their capacities. In relation to the role of women in PVE, localization recognizes the role of women’s organization as first responders and peacebuilders in their communities.

Women are always at risk of exclusion from decision making and being treated as spoils of war, localization can increase vulnerability rather than self-reliance.

Due to the evolution of crisis becoming more complex and persistent, the conventional policy and operational separations between development, humanitarian action, and conflict prevention and peace building no longer prevail as such efforts are being made to improve alignment between humanitarian and development thus entailing closer collaboration and strengthening of empowered leadership, joint analysis, planning, coordination and financing between humanitarian and development actors.

Afternoon Session

The afternoon session was a workshop in the form of focus group discussions. Before the start of the workshop, Atty. Salma Pir Rasul, on behalf of PCID President Amina Rasul-Bernardo, first discussed the role of women in preventing violent extremism, the current initiatives being undertaken by women-led and women’s organizations, networks and institutions, and the role of PCID to initiate and advocate for strengthening women’s roles in the society particularly in PVE with the help of CSOs, WAGI, CLD and its various government and private partners.

Thereafter, she discussed the post-conference[3] plans of PCID, focusing primarily on private-public partnership and continuous engagements in order to avoid duplication of efforts and so that the impact is maximized. She highlighted was the use of information and communication technology in recruitment and channeling of funds to extremist groups, and the development of cyber security strategies in cyber space. In this age, every environment is influenced to some extent by technology. Other plans included the engagement of madrasah teachers and health workers, provision of livelihood activities to women as they are known to supplement household income, and the organization of activities which aim to enlighten LGUs on the role women can play in the development of local communities.

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS

Atty. Salma Rasul announced the mechanics for the focus group discussion. The participants were divided into three groups. The grouping was done through a count off method.  The afternoon workshop was an in-depth discussion of issues among discussants with the specific objective of coming up with objective actionable measures based on the general recommendations proposed during the ASEAN Conference, but may also include suggestions outside of the Conference results. The three groups were to discuss their ideas, plans, and sentiments specifically regarding the discussions earlier on Marawi and violent extremism, as well.

The groups were asked to choose an FGD Facilitator among themselves who will guide the conduct of the discussion, and a Presenter, who, after their respective group’s ideas are summarized, will present and share their results to the other groups.

Three guide questions were provided in the discussion. The questions were, as follows:

1. Do you think that the government succeeded in eradicating extremism by eliminating the leaders and followers of the “Marawi siege”?
2. Do you think the following initiatives of the government can effectively address or deter violent extremism in Mindanao? How so?
   • Immediate passage of the Bangsamoro Basic Law
   • The shift to Federalism
   • Establishing a Revolutionary Government
3. How can women or women-led organizations, networks, and institutions be instrumental in addressing radicalisation and the spread of extremist propaganda? In this age of instant connectivity, how can women counter extremist narratives more effectively, especially among the youth?

[1] Resolution on Peace, Women, and Security

[2] See Annex for Full Speech by Ms. Indai Sajor

[3] This is in reference to the Sept. 22-23 2017 Conference on Peace and Prevention of Violent Extremism.

BACKGROUND

The growing influence of ISIS in Southeast Asia has created a serious concern among its governments that it could establish a foothold by linking with local extremist organizations, in areas already affected by ethnic conflict with the state. Due to this rising threat, there has been calls among various stakeholders to strengthen existing networks against radicalization and to search for sustainable, multi-level and inclusive approaches to address this transnational problem.  For the Philippines, in particular, the recent Marawi siege points to the urgency of capacitating key stakeholders and engaging the local community in initiatives to address the rising influence of violent extremism.

The forum is a follow-through of the recently held Conference on Peace and the Prevention of Violent Extremism (CPPVE) last September 22-23, 2017 which gathered more than 400 delegates regionally. Recognizing the need for a more holistic, developmental approach to prevent violent extremism, the participants affirmed their commitments thereto in a statement, which included asserting the role of “women, youth, religious, business, academia, politics and government in inculcating the culture of peace, tolerance, moderation, democracy, rule of law and human rights to our people as effective means of preventing radicalization”. In line with promoting this more inclusive approach to PVE, PCID in collaboration with other civil society organizations, the academe, and government agencies, seek to organize several forums and focused group discussions engaging the critical sectors of the society with the objective of eliciting thoughts, perspectives, and recommendations in a conducive platform where such sectors can interact and collaborate with the government and the private sector, and among themselves.

Relevant to this forum for women, the statement of the participants highlighted the engagement of women, who more often than not are victims of this phenomena, in PVE. As part of PCID’s follow through activities, this is the second consultative forum engaging the women sector, organized in collaboration with the Women and Gender Institute (WAGI) and the Center for Legislative Development (CLD). The first one was held in Marawi City with the objective of allowing more Muslim women from the affected areas to be part of the consultation. In this second forum, PCID sought to engage not only women leaders who are based in the National Capital Region, but also those coming from the island provinces of Sulu, Basilan and Tawi-Tawi, who were unable to join the first forum.

As with the consultative forum for women held in Marawi City last January 30, the objectives of the forum were, as follows:

1. Primarily, it is to formulate recommendations in relation to the role of Women for the national action plan in preventing violent extremism;
2. To engage the Women sector in dialogue to better understand their thoughts and perspectives on the current situation in Marawi and the actions being taken by the National Government as regards conflict resolution, recovery and rehabilitation; and
3. To create a space for the women to share their concerns and perspectives as regards violent extremism in order to promote better understanding of the current trend in violent extremism, and to develop interventions or strategies for women on how they can react to it, as well as, evaluate existing strategies in relation to them.

SYNTHESIS

Women participants from Noorus Salam, an organization of Muslim women scholars, and the government, particularly from the security sector, and representatives from civil society organizations, attended the second leg of consultations with women on the topic of peacebuilding and the prevention of violent extremism (PVE). The forum was held at the LB Soriano Hall, SEOMEO Innotech, Quezon City. The Philippines, along with most ASEAN countries, has not yet developed its own National Action Plan on PVE. Thus, the forum, which was a whole day event had the objective of coming up with recommendations to the action plan on PVE relevant to the women sector, particularly, those situated in conflict areas.

Atty. Salma Pir Rasul, PCID Programs Director, welcomed the participants to the forum, which is one of the activities in the series of public consultations, forums, and workshops PCID has been conducting in close partnership with WAGI and CLD with the overarching theme of promotion and enhancement of the capacity of Muslim women.

To give further information regarding this series of activities, Prof. Aurora Javate de Dios was tasked to give a brief introduction on behalf of WAGI as one of the organizers of the event. WAGI, an academe-based advocacy center on gender concerns and issues based in Miriam College, has long been a partner of PCID in the area of capacity building in women, political participation, and empowerment of women in Mindanao. To further elucidate the participants on the purpose of the forum, she highlighted the implications of VE as a holistic problem and a national issue, and the strategic role of women in PVE and CVE.

The WAGI-PCID partnership was later joined by CLD, which brings us to Dr. Socorro L. Reyes, who likewise spoke briefly about CLD, to which she is the Regional Gender and Governance Adviser. CLD, the first non-government legislative support organization that provided capacity building services to the legislature, has been around since 1980. She emphasized a few points including among others, looking at VE not only by non-state actors but by state actors, use of sexual violence as an instrument of war, the use of the participatory framework in determining the role of women in PVE, and the determining the scope of the agenda that should be pursued as a preliminary step to this.

Prior to the workshop which will be held in the afternoon, guest speakers NCMF Regional Director Camad Edres of NCMF-NCR and UN Inter-Agency Standing Committee Senior Gender Humanitarian Advisor, Ms. Indai Sajor, were assigned to give updates regarding Marawi and to talk about the experience of MENA and Africa in dealing with violent extremism, respectively. Dir. Edres’ discussion touched upon the return and rehabilitation of evacuees, which included the recovery of losses, distribution of assistance to victims, and the rebuilding of infrastructures destroyed during the siege. He also talked about the role of mothers in curtailing the spread of radicalization at the community level. Ms. Sajor, who is an internationally recognized activist and educator in the field of women’s human rights, conflict prevention and humanitarian response, talked about VE in the context of humanitarian response in relation to her work in the Middle East to the emergencies brought about by war and armed conflict.

In the afternoon session, inputs, thoughts, and recommendations from Muslim women leaders were gathered in focus group discussions on how they can contribute to existing and future PVE efforts. They were divided into three groups which separately held FGDs to answer guide questions on VE and PVE in Mindanao. Their recommendations centered on the role of women as mothers and nurturers in their families. All three groups saw the crucial role of religious leaders in counter messaging and communicating with a greater impact to a bigger audience, and the role of the Madrasah among the youth who are targets of radicalization. After the presentation of results by the groups, a few more recommendations were proposed to operationalized some of the measures suggested such as parthership with the National Ulama Conference of the Philippines in relation to the incorporation of the topic of VE in khutbah and advocating for opportunities for women to pursue higher education in Islamic studies in order to provide a wider perspective in the interpretation of the Islamic text, a significant role presently monopolized by Male Muslim Religious scholars.

RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS

Morning Session

rof. Aurora Javate de Dios is the Programs Director, formerly Executive Director, of WAGI. Since this forum is one of the activities in the series of public consultations, forums, and workshops PCID has been conducting in close partnership with WAGI and CLD for women, she was tasked to give a brief introduction to said long-term project by PCID, WAGI, and CLD which was sponsored by the USAID and the US State Department. The project, which is now on its tail end, consist of a series of trainings on providing capacities to local women leaders in conflict areas in the Philippines including among others, Marawi, Zamboanga, Maguindanao, and the ARMM. The series of activities were organized initially with the objective of preparing Muslim women in self-governance in preparation for the BBL, but this was later on modified to include trainings and forums to prepare women leaders in dealing with violent extremism.

Look at VE as a HOLISTIC problem and a NATIONAL issue.

Prof. De Dios stressed how violent extremism should not be viewed in a vacuum as the root causes of the unrest and instability lies deep in socioeconomic problems, the negligence of the government, or the deprivation of rights, but rather the issues of VE should be viewed with a holistic perspective. Further, it should also be viewed as a national issue and not an issue isolated to a few regions in Mindanao.

In view of the Marawi siege, the issue of addressing VE emerged as one of the urgent concerns of the government. Given the limited reach and capacity of non-government organizations, it became more critical to strengthen partnerships between such organizations and the government in order to act timely and effectively against VE, and while there is cause for such action, the peace process should not be sidelined any more than it has. Prof. De Dios emphasized that VE should be simultaneously addressed alongside the push for the conclusion of the long-drawn peace process which has gripped the southern part of the country for decades.

Moreover, she underscored that considering the nature of VE and its root causes, the campaign should be long term and not just a short-term reaction to the Marawi crisis. For one, there should be a push for a more tolerant society. Until issues of discrimination and exclusion against certain sectors of the society are not seriously addressed, communities will be vulnerable to the entry of radicalization and violent extremism.

Women have a strategic role against Violent Extremism and Fundamentalism.

In relation to this, women due to their particular positioning in society have a strategic role in VE considering their capabilities and influence, which most women do not realize. This is however proven by many women leaders in other parts of the world who have been successful in the field. Prof. De Dios stated that women have a strategic role for two reasons: they have a strong influence on their children, families, and local communities, and they are usually the first ones to detect changes in the society.

1. Socorro Reyes is currently the Regional Gender and Governance Adviser of the Center for Legislative Development (CLD). CLD has been around since 1980 and the first non-government legislative support organization that provided capacity building services to the legislature that is elected soon after the ouster of the dictatorship. In her opening message, she pointed out how VE should be viewed as only being committed by non-state actors as extreme violence may also be committed by the state, particularly in responding to situations like this. She stressed that the State has a monopoly of coercive force, and as such, there should be a balance in looking and analyzing at how violence is used both by the non-state and state actors, including the use of sexual violence.

There should be a gender perspective in the framework for the development of a PVE action plan and in Damage and Loss Assessment.

Dr. Reyes also pointed how the framework in most national action plans or any action plans for that matter in relation to VE and in pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1325[1] is focused on the protection of women rather than the participation framework, which basically redefines power relationships. She stated that this is unfortunate because the perspective becomes restrictive, substantive inputs which would widen the scope of the agenda and not be limited only to decommissioning of arms, are not taken into account, and women’s concerns are sidelined to give way to military components of the action plan.

Further, Dr. Reyes emphasized the importance of damage and loss assessment as one of the critical components in rehabilitation after the occurrence of long-drawn crises such as what happened in Marawi, and on whether or not there is a gender perspective to it, that is the damage and losses that women suffered are taken into meaningful consideration, and consequently, incorporated in reconstruction, rehabilitation, and compensation packages.

Marawi was ripe for the influence of external forces such as ISIS.

Lastly, she discussed how an event such as the Marawi siege is usually seen as a product solely of external forces which, in that particular case, would be due to the entry of ISIS forces in the country. She explained that this view should be changed to consider both external and internal factors combined. Using the “stone and egg analogy”, she concluded that the success of extremist groups in recruitment of forces could have been thwarted if not for the presence of internal circumstances which already present in Mindanao, such as the deepening frustration against the government due to the protracted peace process, historical injustices unaddressed for years, and high poverty index.

1. Camad Edres is the current Regional Director of the NCMF-NCR. He has been an active partner of PCID in the latter’s PVE initiatives. As in previous similar forum for women in peacebuilding and PVE held last January 30, 2018 in Marawi, he was tasked to give an update on the Marawi situation. His main points of discussion were concerns on the rehabilitation and return of evacuees, the recovery of losses, and certain issues with the distribution of assistance to victims, such as reports of favoritism or of goods not actually getting to the real beneficiaries.

The extent of physical destruction in Marawi could have been avoided if the government did not use too much brute force.

As to the physical rehabilitation of the city, he said that it would take years before Marawi can be fully rehabilitated due to the massive destruction, and that such breadth of destruction could have in fact been avoided if the government did not use too much brute force. There are also personal issues in the rehabilitation concerning the Maranaos, among these issues, is the rebuilding of the Mosques. He said that 90% of the mosques in the main affected area are damaged.

As to women in PVE, he underscored the crucial role of women as mothers in their families and in their communities.

1. Indai Sajor was the guest speaker for the morning session. She is an internationally recognized activist and educator in the field of women’s human rights, conflict prevention and humanitarian response. She was recently in Iraq till (December) working with UNFPA and UN OCHA conducting a survivors’ assessment of sexual and gender-based violence, a product of violent extremism. She has over 30 years of experience working in countries in situations of war and armed conflicts and in humanitarian emergency situations, in Afghanistan, Darfur/Sudan, Somalia, Iraq, Eritrea, Ethiopia to name a few in the MENA region as well as in Asia and the Pacific.

She is currently a UN Inter-Agency Standing Committee Senior Gender Humanitarian Advisor preparing for deployment to Pakistan by the end of the month. In this role she is the Gender Advisor of the UN Country Representative as well as with the UN Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in their policy response to humanitarian crisis.

For this forum, she was tasked to speak about the MENA-Africa experience in PVE.[2] She began by pointing out that VE has been in existence for centuries and can be exhibited along a range of issues, including politics, religion and gender relations. For her presentation, she noted that she will be talking in the context of humanitarian response in relation to her current work. She stressed that the greatest cause of current and future crises are internal conflicts, giving rise to some of the largest humanitarian crises since World War II. Moreover, she noted that, beyond statistics, human suffering, loss of lives and devastation connected to these crises are unquantifiable. The intensification of international and internal armed conflicts is considered a high risk in the coming ten years; extremism, terrorism and transnational crime continues to threaten global stability.

We should learn how to localize our response to extremism

Thereafter, she explained localization which she believed should be strengthened, and the role of national and local responders. Localization is the means of preparing those who are situated in affected areas due to the crisis or those merely threatened by the conflict to be more resilient. Some of the measures to localize responses to extremism she discussed were increasing direct funding to NGOs for humanitarian action, strengthening partnerships, promoting transparency on transfer of resources to NGOs, and empowering local communities by not undermining their capacities. In relation to the role of women in PVE, localization recognizes the role of women’s organization as first responders and peacebuilders in their communities.

Women are always at risk of exclusion from decision making and being treated as spoils of war, localization can increase vulnerability rather than self-reliance.

Due to the evolution of crisis becoming more complex and persistent, the conventional policy and operational separations between development, humanitarian action, and conflict prevention and peace building no longer prevail as such efforts are being made to improve alignment between humanitarian and development thus entailing closer collaboration and strengthening of empowered leadership, joint analysis, planning, coordination and financing between humanitarian and development actors.

Afternoon Session

The afternoon session was a workshop in the form of focus group discussions. Before the start of the workshop, Atty. Salma Pir Rasul, on behalf of PCID President Amina Rasul-Bernardo, first discussed the role of women in preventing violent extremism, the current initiatives being undertaken by women-led and women’s organizations, networks and institutions, and the role of PCID to initiate and advocate for strengthening women’s roles in the society particularly in PVE with the help of CSOs, WAGI, CLD and its various government and private partners.

Thereafter, she discussed the post-conference[3] plans of PCID, focusing primarily on private-public partnership and continuous engagements in order to avoid duplication of efforts and so that the impact is maximized. She highlighted was the use of information and communication technology in recruitment and channeling of funds to extremist groups, and the development of cyber security strategies in cyber space. In this age, every environment is influenced to some extent by technology. Other plans included the engagement of madrasah teachers and health workers, provision of livelihood activities to women as they are known to supplement household income, and the organization of activities which aim to enlighten LGUs on the role women can play in the development of local communities.

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS

Atty. Salma Rasul announced the mechanics for the focus group discussion. The participants were divided into three groups. The grouping was done through a count off method.  The afternoon workshop was an in-depth discussion of issues among discussants with the specific objective of coming up with objective actionable measures based on the general recommendations proposed during the ASEAN Conference, but may also include suggestions outside of the Conference results. The three groups were to discuss their ideas, plans, and sentiments specifically regarding the discussions earlier on Marawi and violent extremism, as well.

The groups were asked to choose an FGD Facilitator among themselves who will guide the conduct of the discussion, and a Presenter, who, after their respective group’s ideas are summarized, will present and share their results to the other groups.

Three guide questions were provided in the discussion. The questions were, as follows:

1. Do you think that the government succeeded in eradicating extremism by eliminating the leaders and followers of the “Marawi siege”?
2. Do you think the following initiatives of the government can effectively address or deter violent extremism in Mindanao? How so?
   • Immediate passage of the Bangsamoro Basic Law
   • The shift to Federalism
   • Establishing a Revolutionary Government
3. How can women or women-led organizations, networks, and institutions be instrumental in addressing radicalisation and the spread of extremist propaganda? In this age of instant connectivity, how can women counter extremist narratives more effectively, especially among the youth?

[1] Resolution on Peace, Women, and Security

[2] See Annex for Full Speech by Ms. Indai Sajor

[3] This is in reference to the Sept. 22-23 2017 Conference on Peace and Prevention of Violent Extremism.

BACKGROUND
Defeating violent extremism requires the joint efforts of the various sectors. This echoes the consensus during the Conference on Peace and the Prevention of Violent Extremism (CPPVE) last September 22-23, 2017 that “a multi-stakeholder approach that recognizes the role of civil society, women, youth, academia, the religious, business, and government is essential in building a tolerant, peaceful and progressive ASEAN community.” In line with pursuing the inclusive approach to PVE, PCID in collaboration with other civil society organizations, the academe, and government agencies, seek to organize several forums and focused group discussions, engaging the key sectors of the society and intended to surface the thoughts, perspectives, and recommendations from them, in a platform where such sectors can interact and collaborate with the government and the private sectors. Particularly for the women sector, PCID has planned to hold 2 consultative forums for women participation in PVE, the first of which was held in Marawi City.

The objectives of the forum were, as follows:
1. Primarily, it is to formulate recommendations in relation to the role of Women for the national action plan in preventing violent extremism;
2. To engage the Women sector in dialogue to better understand their thoughts and perspectives on the current situation in Marawi and the actions being taken by the National Government as regards conflict resolution, recovery and rehabilitation of the City and the affected population; and
3. To create a space for the women to share their concerns and perspectives as regards violent extremism in order to promote better understanding of the the current trend in violent extremism, and to develop interventions or strategies for women on how they can react to it, as well as, evaluate existing strategies in relation to them.
SYNTHESIS
More than 100 women representatives from Mindanao gathered at the CHARM Pavilion of the Mindanao State University (MSU) in Marawi for the consultative forum with the theme: “The Role of Women in Peacebuilding and the Prevention of Violent Extremism” organized by the Philippine Center for Islam and Democracy (PCID) in partnership with the Women and Gender Institute (WAGI) and Institute for Peace and Development in Mindanao (MSU-IPDM).

Welcome messages were delivered by PCID’s event partners: Dr. Dipunudun Maruhom on behalf of MSU-IPDM, Pres. Habib W. Macaayong on behalf of the MSU System, and Prof. Aurora Javate De Dios on behalf of the WAGI. This was followed by a briefing on the Marawi siege and the current rehabilitation efforts being undertaken.

The morning session of the forum were a series of presentations regarding updates on the post-conflict Marawi situation particularly on security, protection and promotion of human rights, and rehabilitation. Regional Director of the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos – National Capital Region, Dir. Camad Edres discussed the current initiatives by his office, NCMF, in relation to Marawi recovery and the promotion of welfare of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) situated in the National Capital Region after having been forced to flee far from their homes due to the violent confrontation in their home city. On the other hand, PCID Convenor Ms. Samira Gutoc Tomawis, a former member of the Bangsamoro Transition Commission and the spokesperson of the Ranao Rescue Team, gave an in-depth situationer on the security and safety situation in the Mindanao region, before, during, and after the Marawi Siege, emphasizing the lack of monitoring for human rights violations in the area.

Finally, Ms Amina Rasul-Bernardo was the last to speak during the morning session. She discussed the role of women in preventing violent extremism, the current initiatives being undertaken by women-led and women’s organizations, networks and institutions, and the role of PCID to initiate and advocate for strengthening women’s roles in the society particularly in PVE with the help of WAGI, Chemonics and its various partners.

In the afternoon session, inputs, thoughts, and recommendations from Muslim women leaders were gathered in focus group discussions on how they can contribute to existing and future PVE efforts. The participants were divided into four groups based on province of origin. The FGD groups called for more visible engagement of women in drafting plans of action on the prevention of violent extremism. Women’s representatives from Lanao Del Sur sought the empowerment of women through peace education and livelihood training, while those from Lanao Del Norte stressed the importance of strengthening families and the role and influence of mothers. Other concerns raised were transparency in the provision of subsidized livelihood to women to ensure that the intended recipients actually benefit from the programs, and the intensification of values formation among the youth.
REPORT ON THE PROCEEDINGS
MORNING SESSION
Dir. Camad Edres is the current Regional Director of the NCMF-NCR. In the consultative forum for the Muslim religious entitled, “The Role of the Religious Sector in Building Community Resiliency Against Violent Extremism” which was organized also by PCID, he expressed his frustration at the government for not including NCMF, despite being a government agency created for the welfare of Muslim Filipinos, as one of the core government agencies involved in the Task Force Bangon Marawi operations. Despite this, he announced, the agency has been consolidating efforts to be able to reach out to Marawi, in particular, to the refugees which were forced to flee outside their region.

In this forum, he was again tasked to give an update on the Marawi situation. As a representative from the NCMF, his presentation focused on the condition of Muslim communities which were displaced specifically in Metro Manila due to the siege (so called, “Internally Displaced Persons” or IPDs), and what NCMF has been doing to provide assistance to these IDPs. At a recently held meeting of the Regional Peace and Order Council where he was invited to speak, he was tasked to discuss the mechanisms for the integration of the such communities in the region with the end of preventing the spread of radicalization and extremism in Metro Manila He presented the integration mechanism from three major perspectives, namely, political, socioeconomic and sociocultural perspectives, and emphasized that addressing the integration from these perspectives will be useless if the psychosocial aspect is ignored, that is, promoting a climate of tolerance, trust, and belongingness among the IDPs and the communities where they are presently situated.

Dir. Edres explained that feelings of exclusion and discrimination are significant factors which greatly contribute to the susceptibility of Muslim Filipinos to radicalization, and thereafter, to acts of violent extremism. He also highlighted that finding This climate of discontent with the government’s way of handling Marawi alongside the feelings of exclusion among IDPs, if continuously left unaddressed, will have grave effects not only on Metro Manila or on Mindanao, but on the whole country.

On the other hand, Dir. Edres expressed concerns about the delivery of aid to evacuees who did not leave Mindanao but were forced to stay in camps situated in towns nearby Marawi. He mentioned that there were also reports of mishandling and favoritism in the distribution of goods and services. He stressed that these should likewise be addressed.

Finally, he also emphasized how there should be more attention given to private madrasahs who cater to Muslim youth and as such, are critical in the formation of values and the development of thoughts and perceptions. He suggested that their curriculum be reviewed, and proposed the development of a unified curriculum.

The second speaker to give updates on the situation in Marawi was PCID Convenor Ms. Samira Gutoc Tomawis, former assemblywoman for the ARMM, and member of the Bangsamoro Transition Commission. She is now part of the Ranao Rescue Team which is an umbrella movement of various civil society and private organizations, and government Agencies joined together in response to the Marawi Crisis.

The first part of her discussion was a detailed description of the extent of the physical destruction in Marawi, emphasizing the loss of significant historic and cultural structures in the city, in particular, mosques. Madaris, and the biggest Islamic Center. She then gave an update on the security situation in Marawi and nearby towns highlighting the inadequacy of policemen.

The Marawi situation, according to Ms. Tomawis, in summary, is a case in point where the security forces weren’t able to battle it out with men with high powered firearms. She related to the audience that Marawi is part of a series of events which compromised security and safety in other areas such as the ambush on government forces in the town of Butig, and then in Piagapo, Lanao Del Sur, and thus, these events should not be understood piecemeal but as a whole to fully comprehend the magnitude of the problem.

As regards rehabilitation, Ms. Tomawis expressed her concerns regarding the monitoring of human rights violations in the area. In particular, she pointed out the presence of unburied unidentified bodies, including those whose cause of deaths are unknown and not investigated. There can be no true rehabilitation without honoring the dead whether they be Christians or Muslims, she said. Lastly, she stressed the crucial role of documentation of events and assessment of losses by the locals themselves.

The last speaker for the morning session was Ms Amina Rasul-Bernardo, the President of PCID. She is a member of the Board of Regents of the Mindanao State University (MSU) and the Steering Committee of the Southeast Asian Network of CSOs against violent extremism. To give the women participants an idea of what they will be doing for the afternoon session, she discussed the role of the women sector in PVE and CVE. She began with what had been done in the past to fuel the discussion on the formulation of a national strategy or action plan on PVE, highlighting in particular the forum held last September, the CPPVE.

The CPPVE was not meant to be a one-time forum. It was meant to initiate continuous engagement of the key sectors in the formulation of PVE strategies and the call for a national action plan on PVE, alongside the building of networks, strengthening of public-private partnerships, and the ensuring of spaces to allow sharing of best practices and lessons learned regionally, in regard to PVE in Southeast Asia. The forum is one such follow-through of the CPPVE. Ms. Bernardo discussed the post-conference plans of PCID, in collaboration with its supporters and partners, which included the implementation of conference recommendations particularly on networking and capacity building of civil society organizations, Muslim Religious Leaders, Women, and Youth in PVE, conduct of research on radicalization and violent extremism, launching of a campaign on PVE, continuing partnership with government, and the conversion of the Advisory Committee to support an ASEAN Network of civil society and other stakeholders for peace and PVE.

She then discussed the activities organized by PCID after the CPPVE which aim to maintain and further strengthen efforts to address the emergence of violent extremism and to promote awareness of the rising threat in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia. First of these initiatives is the consultative forum with the Muslim Religious Leaders held from December 2 to 3, 2017 at the SEAMEO Innotech in Quezon City. The forum entitled, “The Role of the Religious in Building Community Resiliency Against Violent Extremism” successfully gathered recommendations from the Muslim religious leaders on PVE. Finally, Ms. Bernardo discussed the outputs of the two relevant conferences, delving specifically into the measures recommended by the women sector during the break out sessions at the CPPVE and of the Women Muslim Religious during the forum with Muslim Religious Leaders on peacebuilding and PVE.

AFTERNOON SESSION (FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS)
At the start of the session, the facilitator announced a few rules to guide the conduct of the focus group discussion. The participants were divided into four groups based on province of origin except for those from Marawi City, who were put together in one group. The other groups were those came from Lanao Del Norte, Lanao Del Sur and Maguindanao.

As discussed, a Focus Group Discussion is an in-depth discussion of an issue or issues among discussants who share similarities in demographic, psychographic, political, ethnic-religious-cultural or social backgrounds. The objective of an FGD is to gain deeper insights into the perceptions, attitudes and prescriptions of a group of discussants regarding an issue or set of issues. In relation to the forum’s FGD, the groups were set to meet in order to discuss their ideas, plans, and sentiments specifically regarding the discussions earlier on Marawi and violent extremism, and the role of the Women sector.

The groups were asked to choose an FGD Facilitator among themselves who will guide the conduct of the discussion, and a Presenter, who, after their respective group’s ideas are summarized, will present and share their results to the other groups.

Three guide questions were provided in the discussion. The questions were, as follows:

1. Do you think that the government succeeded in eradicating extremism by eliminating the leaders and followers of the “Marawi siege”?
2. Do you think the following initiatives of the government can effectively address or deter violent extremism in Mindanao? How so?
• Immediate passage of the Bangsamoro Basic Law
• The shift to Federalism
• Establishing a Revolutionary Government
3. How can women or women-led organizations, networks, and institutions be instrumental in addressing radicalisation and the spread of extremist propaganda? In this age of instant connectivity, how can women counter extremist narratives more effectively, especially among the youth?

Background
The growing influence of ISIS in East Asia has created serious concern among its governments, particularly the potential linkage with local extremist organizations. While the drivers of violent extremism differ across individuals, communities, and regions, there are commonalities in the ideology and narratives used by terrorist groups. Of critical significance is the use of the internet to recruit and radicalize individuals to violence. This underscores the need to develop innovative approaches to mitigate extremist ideology, curtail the flow of resources and strengthen the safeguards in existing IT infrastructure. Further, the capabilities of extremist and criminal organisations to utilise IT and the web for financial transactions as well as recruitment have often undermined the operations of government agencies on cyber security.
With the objective of understanding and preparing for the threat, the Philippine Center for Islam and Democracy, in partnership with the University of the Philippines Law Center and its Islamic Legal Studies Program, organized a forum themed ‘Prevention of Violent Extremism: A Focus on Cyber Security and Defense Policies’. The forum was held on January 8, 2018 from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon at the 4th floor Auditorium, Henry Sy Hall, UP BGC in Taguig City with Dr. Sven Herpig, Project Director of the Transatlantic Cyber Forum as the main discussant. Synthesis 71 representatives from the private and public sectors including, among others those coming from the banking, business and corporate management sectors; security sector specialists and the academe, gathered at the forum themed ‘Prevention of Violent Extremism: A Focus on Cyber Security and Defense Policies’ organized by the PCID in collaboration with the University of the Philippines System and the University of the Philippines Law Center. The forum forms part of the series of activities that PCID will be conducting in the future which aim to engage key sectors of the society, establish networks between and among the public and private sectors, and explore initiatives in preventing and countering violent extremism.
The welcome remarks was delivered by Professor Ryan Oliva of University of the Philippines College of Law (UP Law), on behalf of the dean and concurrent President of the University of the Philippines, Professor Danilo Concepcion. This was followed by a briefing on the initiatives on prevention of violent extremism being done by PCID in close collaboration with UP and UP Law Center. The briefing was delivered by PCID Programs Director Atty. Salma Rasul. Prof. Edmund Tayao, the Executive Director of the Local Government Development Foundation (LOGODEF), introduced the main discussant of the forum. Dr. Sven Herpig.

Dr. Sven Herpig’s lecture gave an enlightening overview on perspectives and expectations in cyberterrorism, German cyber security policy, and challenges in policymaking intended to address issues on cyber security and defense. He discussed policy decisions which are made with good intentions but are problematic when implemented, such as having a hate-speech law and allowing government hacking.
At the end of his lecture, he proposed recommendations in drafting cyber security policies such as inclusive multi-stakeholder involvement in creating a comprehensive national cyber security strategy, establishment of a national cyber security agency and legislation on IT-security
standards for critical infrastructures, among others. He also emphasized the importance of domestic and international cooperation.
Prof. Emerson Banez, whose law practice is extensively on cyber law and cybercrimes, delve into issues in crafting policy interventions in cyber security that would comply with constitutional values. Atty. Paul Roderick Ysmael from the Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) discussed how issues in cyber security affect the banking and finance industry and what specific measures have been undertaken or is being undertaken by BPI to ensure security in banking transactions online.
Recommendations
Dr. Sven Herpig listed recommendations which can be considered in the drafting of a national
cyber security policy. The recommendations were as follows:
1. Draft comprehensive national cyber security strategy (incl. multistakeholder involvement)
2. Establish national cyber security agency
3. Pass legislation on IT-security standards for critical infrastructures
4. Foster domestic and international cooperation
5. Bolster capacity for cyber crime & terror investigations (possibly setup a corresponding
academic institution/ think tank)
6. Monitor cyber security HR situation and possibly develop „pooling & sharing“ models.
7. Evaluate impact cyber policy options and tools (risk to national security, censorship etc.)